PUEBLO INDIANS. Puebloan influence in Texas was most extensive in prehistoric times, as the study of prehistoryqv and of the Antelope Creek Phaseqv will reveal. Following the eclipse of this great period, no reoccurrence of Puebloan habitation in Texas is noted until the latter part of the seventeenth century, when two movements from certain Tanoan-speaking New Mexico pueblos took place southward into the El Paso area. The first movement into Texas came in the period of 1670-75 as a result of devastating Apache attacks on the pueblos. The second movement of Puebloan groups into Texas followed the Pueblo revolt of 1680 and resulted in two major Rio Grande settlements. The first was that of Ysleta del Sur (see CORPUS CHRISTI DE LA ISLETA MISSION) on the northeast bank of the Rio Grande below present El Paso. The other was the settlement of Socorro del Sur (see NUESTRA SEÑORA DE LA LIMPIA CONCEPCIÓN DEL SOCORRO MISSION) by a refugee group from the pueblo of Socorro, New Mexico. There is also evidence that members of the Tano tribe proper, as well as the Jemez, accompanied the Socorro fugitives from New Mexico into Texas. See also TIGUA INDIANS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910; rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959). W. H. Timmons, El Paso: A Borderlands History (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1990).
W. E. S. Dickerson
