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UGARTE Y LOYOLA, JACOBO DE
(17??-1798). Information concerning the family and birthplace
of Jacobo de Ugarte y Loyola is not available, but circumstantial
evidence suggests that he was a descendant of Basque nobility.
If we may believe his own recollections, on April 5, 1732, Ugarte
answered a military calling by enlisting as an underage cadet
in a regiment of Spanish infantry guards. He first entered royal
service in 1740 and attained the rank of colonel on January 11,
1767. In his early military career he had campaigned in Italy,
where he was twice wounded, and in Portugal. Shortly after his
promotion to the rank of colonel, Ugarte received appointment
as the governor of Coahuila, and he served in that capacity from
December 1769 to December 1777. At the conclusion of his tenure
Ugarte was commissioned military governor of Sonora, where he
was promoted to the rank of brigadier on June 15, 1779. In the
mid 1780s Ugarte served briefly as governor of Puebla, before
being transferred to Mexico City in January of 1786 to receive
a new assignment from Viceroy Bernardo de Gálvez.qv And when the Provincias Internasqv was divided into three sectors (August 26, 1786), the two easternmost
provinces were made subordinate except in purely military matters
to the commandant general of the Western Provinces, Jacobo de
Ugarte y Loyola. Ugarte, himself, had immediate jurisdiction over
the two Californias and Sonora. Division of the Provincias Internas
into three sectors lasted for only fifteen months. In 1787 the
Interior Provinces were reorganized into two divisions, and they
remained under that arrangement when Ugarte as replaced by Pedro
de Navaqv on March 12, 1790. In that same year Ugarte was reassigned to
the intendancy of New Galicia, where he was to serve as president
and commandant general. But before he could assume that post,
Viceroy Conde de Revilla Gigedo II sent him to Monclova to arrange
peace with the Lipan Apaches. In January 1791 Ugarte left the
northern frontier for the last time and took up residence in Guadalajara.
He died on August 19, 1798, having completed fifty-eight years
in the active service of the crown.
While serving as governor of Coahuila, Jacobo de
Ugarte had set forth a "final solution" to problems
posed by Lipan Apaches in the northern provinces. He insisted
that the only acceptable remedy was to deport the offending natives
to an overseas province. As commandant general of the Interior
Provinces, Ugarte implemented a policy that was consistent with
his hatred of the Apaches. He favored a general peace treaty with
the Comanches, negotiated at the expense of the Lipans by Governor
Domingo Cabello y Roblesqv in Texas.
BIBLIOGRAPHY: Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed
in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish,
and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (College Station: Texas
A&M University Press, 1975). Max L. Moorhead, The Apache
Frontier: Jacobo Ugarte and Spanish-Indian Relations in Northern
New Spain, 1769-1791 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,
1968). Luis Navarro García,
Don José de Gálvez y la Comandancia General de
las Provincias Internas del Norte de Nueva España (Escuela
de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de Sevilla, 1964).
Donald E. Chipman
- The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation
for this article.
-
Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. ","
http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/UU/fug4.html (accessed November 22, 2008).
(NOTE: "s.v." stands for sub verbo, "under the word.")
The Handbook of Texas Online is a project of the Texas State Historical Association (http://www.tshaonline.org).
Copyright ©, The Texas State Historical Association, 1997-2002
Last Updated:
January 10, 2008
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