1. Texas in the Spanish Era (Sixteenth Century to August 24, 1821)
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca. The Account and Commentaries of Governor Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, of What Occurred on the Two Journeys That He Made to the Indies, 1555.Recounts the long journey of the author and his companions from Florida to the Pacific between 1528 and 1536. These men were the first Europeans to explore across what later became Texas and the first to cross the North American continent from east to west. Images of the pages of the original book (in Spanish) were taken from a rare copy of the 1555 edition a copy in the Southwestern Writers Collection, Alkek Library, Texas State University-San Marcos. English translation also provided. Link to document. For an earlier translation that is somewhat more user friendly, select this link.
Pedro de Castaneda. Account of the journey of Francisco Vazquez de Coronado in search of the Seven Cities of Cibola and Quivira, 1540-1542. The author, a member of the expedition, wrote the account in the latter part of the sixteenth century. Long document, somewhat difficult to use. Link to document
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado to Antonio de Mendoza, August 3, 1540. Report to the viceroy of New Spain of the explorer's journey from Culiacan to Cibola. Coronado did not reach Texas during this portion of this expedition. [See next entry for the continuation of the journey.] Link to document
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado to Charles I, October 20, 1541. Report to the king of Spain of his journey across the Staked Plains of what is now the Texas Panhandle and then northward into present-day Kansas. Link to document
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado and others. The Journey of Coronado, 1540-1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska. [Published in 1902.] Contains translations of the official reports Coronado and others had written about their participation in the expedition that had searched in vain for the Seven Cities of Cibola. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Juan Dominguez Mendoza. Itinerary of Juan Dominguez de Mendoza. 1684. Records details of expedition, led by the author, from El Paso into what is now central Texas to examine the Nueces River region and reestablish trade with the Jumanos. Also probably reached the middle Colorado River area. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
Henri Joutel. A Journal of the Last Voyage Perform'd by Monsr. de la Sale, to the Gulph of Mexico, to Find Out the Mouth of the Missisipi River. Period covered: 1684-1687. First published in 1714. Author was La Salle's friend and confidant on this ill-fated Texas. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
Pierre and Jean-Baptiste Talon. Voyage to the Mississippi Through the Gulf of Mexico. This document consists of questions asked the two Talon brothers about their experiences as part of La Salle's expedition to Texas, 1685-1687, and their answers. The interview took place in 1698. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
Henri de Tonty and others. The Journeys of Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de LaSalle, as related by his faithful Lieutenant, Henri de Tonty; his missionary colleagues, Fathers Zenobius Membre, Louis Hennepin, and Anastasius Douay; his early biographer, Christian LeClercq; his trusted subordinate, Henri Joutel; and his brother, Jean Cavelier; together with Memoirs, Commissions, etc. Published in 1922. Volume I Volume II
Alonso de Leon. Itineraries of the De Leon expeditions of 1689 and 1690. Probably written in 1690. Provides a day-by-day account the expeditions led by the author (the governor of Coahuila) and Father Damian Massanet. The first ended at Matagorda Bay, where the Spaniards found the remains of La Salle's Fort St. Louis. The second went far into eastern Texas, where the priest established the first of the missions of Texas. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
[Father Damian Massanet.] Account of the De Leon Expedition, 1689. Tells of finding the remains of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (on Garcitas Creek near Matagorda Bay). [One can infer that Massanet was the author, based on the document's context. [The excerpt is in quotation marks.] Link to document
Father Damian Massanet to Don Carlos de Siguenza, 1690. Author explains how he came to join Alonzo de Leon on his two expeditions into Texas in 1689 and 1690 and provides a detailed record of the expeditions. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
Francisco Casanas de Jesus Maria to "The Viceroy of Mexico," August 15, 1691. Report to Francisco Fernandez de la Parra Enriques, Duque de Alburquerque y Marques de Cuellar, on the Hasinai Indians [called Asinai in the text] of eastern Texas. Author was a Franciscan friar who did missionary work in the area in the early 1690s. Subjects include geography, descriptions of customs, economics, opportunities for mission work, origin of the term Tejas, etc. Part I Part II
Francisco Hidalgo to Isidro Cassos, November 20, 1710. [Extract.] Franciscan friar, working among the Hasinai [called Asinai in the text] of eastern Texas, writes to another friar about the religious beliefs of the Hasinai. Link to document
Francisco Hidalgo to "The Viceroy," November 4, 1716. Franciscan friar reports to the viceroy of New Spain about various aspects of the life of the Hasinai [called Assinai in the text] of eastern Texas and warns that France may seize the area if Spain does not act to prevent it from doing so. Link to document
Louis de San Denis. Declaration, September 1, 1717. San Denis had led a trading expedition from French Louisiana into Spanish Texas. He was arrested by Spanish colonial authorities and made to answer questions about the expedition. This is a record of his responses. Link to document
Pedro Perez de Mezquia. Diary of the Alarcon Expedition, February 16-June 15, 1718. Author, a Franciscan friar, accompanied Martin de Alarcon, governor of the Spanish province of Texas, on this expedition, which established Mission San Antonio de Valero and a presidio nearby, thus laying the foundation for the establishment of what is now the city of San Antonio. Mezquia describes the land and the flora and fauna of the areas through which the expedition passed. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Francisco Celiz. The Diary of Fray Francisco Celiz. (Excerpt.) The entries are for May 5-17 and September 21-26, 1718. They relate to the expeditions of Martin de Alarcon, governor of the Spanish province of Texas. Entries relate to Alarcon's establishment of San Antonio and Mission San Antonio de Valero (the Alamo) and with explorations of the valleys of the San Antonio, Guadalupe, and Colorado rivers. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Documents relating to Spain's Indian policy in Texas in the
early eighteenth century. The documents are from the Bexar Archives at
the University of Texas at Austin. The first document is dated June 3,
1719.
Part
I [Scroll down to the document.]
Part
II
Part
III [Scroll down to the document.]
Part
IV
Part
V [Scroll down to the document.]
Francois Simars de Bellisle. "Relation," August 14,
1719-February 10, 1721. [Date of writing not given. The dates are for
the events covered in the document.] Author was an officer on a French
merchant ship that became lost in the Gulf of Mexico while on a voyage
from France to Louisiana. The ship ran aground near Galveston Bay.
Bellisle describes the wanderings of himself and four companions in
southeastern Texas and their arrival at Natchitoches, Louisiana. Link
to document
Report concerning an intended French raid upon San Antonio from Louisiana,
[1721 (sometime before July 21)]. Not signed. Is incorrectly dated
1716. It was probably addressed to the directors of the Company of the
Indies in Paris. It illustrates competing views among French colonial
officials about what policy France should pursue toward Spanish Mexico,
specifically Texas. The raid (which never took place) was to have been
led by Louis de Saint Denis. For a thorough discussion of the
issues of the document's dating, purpose, etc., click on this link. For a transcript of the document in French, click on this link. For an English translation, click on this link.
Juan Antonio de la Pena. Diary. ([Excerpt.] Entries are for December 9, 1721 to April 26, 1722. Author tells of his experiences on an expedition of the Marquis de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor and captain-general of Coahuila and Texas, from San Antonio southeastward to Mission Espiritu Santo near the coast. Entries also describe conditions in San Antonio at that time. Link to document
Marques de Casafuerte. Statement of the king of Spain's grant of titles of nobility to male Canary Island settlers at Bexar, November 28, 1730. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "November 28, 1730."] Link to access page
Pedro de Rivera y Villalon. Diary (1736). [Excerpt.] Entries are for September 26-December 23, 1727.
Author tells of his experiences on an expedition to the southeast of
San Antonio. This was part of an inspection by the author of missions
and presidios in Texas. Appended is Rivera's description of Texas at
the time. Link
to document
Pedro Jose de la Fuente. Diary, January-July, 1765. Captain de la
Fuente was commander of the presidio of El Paso del Norte. In this
brief document, he records the interaction of the Spanish military with
the friendly pueblo Indians of the area and the problems (thefts,
raids, etc.) with the Apaches. Link to document
Gaspar Jose de Solis. Diary of a visit of inspection to missions in Texas, 1767-1768. A Franciscan friar describes the people and customs of several Indian tribes in central and eastern Texas and along the Gulf Coast. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Marques de Rubi. Diary. [Excerpt.] Entries are for August 25-31, 1767. They relate to an expedition from San Antonio to Los Adaes. There is useful information in the last paragraph about Presidio La Bahia and Mission Espiritu Santo, near present-day Goliad, and the nearby Mission Rosario. Link to document
Malcolm D. McLean, comp. and ed. Papers Concerning Robertson's Colony in Texas. Volume I: 1788-1822: The Texas Association. Papers of general interest include material on Philip Nolan and Zebulon Pike and other events during the Spanish era in what is now central Texas. Link to document. To browse the papers, choose this link to the Calendar. To search the volume, choose this link to the Index.
Francisco Amangual. Military performance report of the Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras at Bexar, January 15, 1803. [In Spanish] [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "January 15, 1803." Link to access page
__________. Report of skirmish between the Flying Company of San Carolos [Bexar] and a band of Indians that took place on February 1, 1803, March 11, 1803. [Spanish transcription, followed by English translation.] Link to document
__________. Report of bravery by Flying Company of San Carlos [Bexar] in fighting against a band of Indians that took place on February 1, 1803. March 12, 1803. [Spanish transcription, followed by English translation.] [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "March 12, 1803."] Link to access page
Nemesio Salcedo to the governor of the province of Texas, March 15, 1803. Statement concerning the Flying Company of San Carlos. [Spanish transcription, followed by English translation.] [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "March 15, 1803."] Link to access page
Nemensio Salcedo. Order for transfer of troops and their
families from San Geronimo to San Antonio de Bexar, May 1, 1803.
[English translation, followed by transcription in Spanish of the
original document.] [To access this document, click on "Link to access
page," then on "May 1, 1803."] Link
to access page
______________. Report on the Province of Texas, [August 20, 1804].
This document was in response to the Spanish government's orders to
collect from various jurisdictions of New Spain "geographic,
administrative, and economic data and information" in order to "give
impetus to the development of agriculture, industry, and commerce." Link to document
Nemesio Salcedo to the governor of the province of Texas, October-November 10, 1805. Provides for establishment of a hospital in the secularized Mission San Antonio de Valero. Link to document
Nemesio Salcedo to the governor of the province of Texas, May 19, 1806. Writes of problems with Comanches on the road between Bexar and Laredo. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "May 19, 1806."] Link to access page
John Sibley. Correspondence, 1807-1815. Author was a physician
residing in Natchitoches, Louisiana. In 1805 he became Indian agent for
the Orleans Territory. As such he made numerous contacts with many of
the Indian tribes of Spanish Texas and managed to keep those as far
west as Matagorda Bay friendly to the U.S. In the process he learned
much about the Texas Indians. His lengthy correspondence with officials
in Washington contains reports on many topics touching on Texas
matters, including the Burr Conspiracy, the Neutral Ground Agreement,
and the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition. According to the Handbook
of Texas Online, Sibley's correspondence with various persons
"helped to shape the image of Texas " in the U.S. at that time. [Scroll
down for Part I.]
Part
I (January 10-April 3, 1807)
Part
II (April 20, 1807-July 3, 1807)
Part
III (August 8, 1807) [Scroll down to the document]
Part
IV (August 7-September 7, 1808)
Part
V (October 12-November 20, 1808)
Part
VI (No date but presumed to be in late 1808)
Part
VII (May 8-July 5th, 1809)
Part
VIII (January 30-March 20, 1810)
Part
IX (November 30, 1810)
Part
X (January 12, 1811)
Part
XI (February 9. 1811)
Part
XII (July 17, 1811)
Part
XIII (September 19, 1811)
Part
XIV (September 23, 1811-July 14, 1813)
Part
XV (September 4, 1813-July 23, 1816)
Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Diary. [Excerpts.] Entries are for April 1-28, 1807. Spanish troops took Pike prisoner on the upper Rio Grande, escorted him into Chihuahua, then into Texas and eventually eastward into Louisiana. These excerpts end with Pike on the Colorado River in central Texas. [Scroll down to the document, which begins, "In Chihuahua with Commandante Provincias Internas Salcedo, 1 Apr to 28 1807." For the Texas portion of the journey, scroll further down to "From Presidio Rio Grande to San Antonio de Bexar 1 to 16 June 1807."] Link to document
Zebulon Montgomery Pike. An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi, and Through the Western Parts of Louisiana, to the Sources of the Arkansaw, Kans, La Platte and Pierre Juan, Rivers; Performed by Order of the Government of the United States during the Years 1805, 1806, and 1807, and a Tour Through the Interior Parts of New Spain, when Conducted through These Provinces by order of the Captain General, in the Year 1807. Published in 1810. Material of interest: His description of Texas as he traveled from Chihuahua to Louisiana. [The website is somewhat difficult to use.] Link to document
List of additions to the Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras, October 30, 1807. By order of the commandant general, September 11, 1807. Link to document
Isidro de la Garza. The Journal of Lieutenant Colonel Don Manuel Salcedo. Entries are for March 11-June 23, 1810. Tells of a journey by the governor of Texas, Salcedo, from San Antonio into eastern Texas. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "March 11, 1810."] Link to access page
Ignacio de Allende to Miguel Hidalgo, August 31, 1810. Discusses plans for the impending insurrection in Mexico against Spanish rule. Link to document
Miguel Hidalgo. "Cry of Delores," September 16, 1810. This is the version of Pedro Garcia. Comments after the document strongly suggest that the exact wording of the Garcia version is probably not accurate in its detail. Link to document
Manuel de Salcedo. Proclamation, December 2, 1810. Spanish governor of Texas issues rules with respect to celebrating two religious feasts, that of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, December 8, and that of the Virgin of Guadalupe, December 12. Link to document
Antonio Menchaca. Memoirs (1937). Although written in the third person, this is a personal memoir. Dictated to Charles M. Barnes probably in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Menchaca was born in Bexar in 1800. Much of this document deals with events in San Antonio between 1811 and 1814. Link to document.
Proceedings of the trial and execution of Juan Bautista de las Casas, May-August 1811. Casas had led a coup d'etat in San Antonio as part of the revolt of Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla against Spanish rule in Mexico. Casas eventually was forced to surrender. Link to document
Francisco Amangual. Last will and testament, April 15, 1812. Amangual, a resident of Bexar, was a retired captain of the Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "April 15, 1812."] Link to access page
Jose Bernardo Gutierrez. Proclamation, August 31, 1812. Addressed to the Republican volunteers at Nacogdoches to encourage them as members of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition (a part of the Mexican revolt against Spain). [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "August 31, 1812."] Link to access page
Jose Antonio Navarro. Autobiography (1841). Most of this document is about events in San Antonio in 1813. Link to document
Jose Antonio Navarro. Memoirs of the Gutierrez-Magree Expedition (1853). Recounts events of 1812-1813 that Navarro witnessed as an eighteen-year old young man in San Antonio. Written in 1853. [This document is from the Second Flying Company of Alamo de Parras website.] Link to document
Jose Antonio Navarro. "Historical Sketches About San Antonio de Bexar by an Eye-Witness," San Antonio Ledger, October 30, 1953. Similar to the preceding document and written at about the same time. Deals mainly with events of 1813. Link to document
Constitution of the State of Texas, April 17, 1813. Drafted at San Antonio by leaders of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition. [Scroll down to "Appendix" for the text of the document. For an explanation of it, read the essay that precedes it.] Link to document
[Unnamed author], "The Public Safety is the Supreme Law: Reflections," Gaceta de Texas, May 25, 1813. The newspaper, which probably published only this one issue, was the propaganda organ of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition. This editorial defends the rebellion against Spanish rule and states what still needs to be done for success. Link to document
Joaquin de Arredondo to Juan Fermin de Juanicotena, August 18, 1813. Report of the Battle of Medina. General Arredondo commanded the Spanish loyalist force that bested troops of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition. Written from the battlefield, south of San Antonio. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
James Gaines. Account of the Battle of Medina. Battle occurred August 18, 1813. Author was a participant in the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition. Report probably written in 1835, perhaps at the request of Mirabeau B. Lamar, in whose papers it was found. Link to document
Juaquin de Arredondo to Felix Maria Calleja, September 13, 1813. An additional report on the Battle of Medina, fought on August 18. Written in San Antonio.Link to document
Jose Maria Morelos. Statements relating to a proposed constitution for an independent Mexico, September 14, 1813. Link to document
Vicente Tarin to General Frances Humber, March 13, 1815. Writes from Natchitoches, Louisiana explaining his delay in joining Humber on the Sabine. Spanish transcription with English translation. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "March 13, 1815."] Link to access page
Peter Ellis Bean. "Memoir of Colonel Ellis P. Bean, Written About the Year 1816." Near the beginning of the narrative, there is material about Bean's participation the ill-fated Phillip Nolan expedition into Texas in 1800. Near the account's end there is information about Bean's return to Texas about fifteen years later and his participation in Mexico's independence movement. Link to document
Antonio Martinez. Letters, 1817, Author was the last Spanish
governor of Texas. The correspondence has much about the poor state of
military defenses in the province. [Scroll down for the letters in Part
I.]
Part
I (May 30-31, 1817)
Part
II (June 5-11, 1817)
Part
III (June 13-June 23, 1817)
Part
IV (June 23-July 12, 1817)
______________. Account of the expedition of Napoleonic exiles to
establish a post (Champ d'Asile) in southeastern Texas, 1817-1820.
Published, 1822. [Extract.] Unnamed author was a participant in the
expedition, commanded by General Charles Lallemand. The document is
important in that it supports the view that the expedition's purpose
was wholly military in character rather than agricultural. There are
many details, some dealing with other subjects. Link to document
J -J -E Roy. The
Adventures of a French Captain, at Present a Planter in Texas, Formerly
a Refugee at Camp Asylum (1878). The author,
using the pseudonym Gerard Roy Just, recounts his experiences as one of
the veterans of the army of Napoleon I who attempted unsuccessfully to
establish a French colony (Champ D' Asile) near the mouth of the
Trinity River in 1818, his captivity by Comanches soon after,
his decision to become a settler in the Austin Colony, and
his subsequent life as a planter somewhere on the lower Brazos River up
until sometime in the mid-nineteenth century. Link
to document
Extracts from a letter, March 16, 1818. Written from Natchitoches, Louisiana and printed in L'Abeille Americaine, a French language publication in Philadelphia, April 23, 1818. Tells of information received from persons recently on Galveston Island, stating that some Frenchmen [Napoleonic exiles] had landed there with agricultural implements and munitions. Their intentions are unknown. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Newspaper notice, dated April 1, [1818]. Written from New Orleans. Printed in L'Abeille Americaine, a French language publication in Philadelphia, April 23, 1818. States that French exiles in the United States are planning to take possession of the province of Texas "and other neighboring countries." [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
____________ to the editor, [L'Abeille Americaine?], June 4, 1818. [Not entirely clear about the identity of the recipient. Seemingly is the editor a French language newspaper in Philadelphia.] Unidentified author, probably a leader of the French exiles who had previously landed on Galveston island, writes of the establishment of a colony of about 200 persons on the lower Trinity River [Champ d'Asile, near present-day Liberty]. Claims that the purpose of the settlement is "purely agricultural" in character. Details. [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
Philadelphia L'Abeille Americaine, June 11, 1818. Document is introduced as consisting of "extracts from letters from the French Colony of Trinity River in the Province of Texas." [Written in the first person.] Details about the land, wild game, cattle and horses, and about good relations with local Indians. Claims that the settlement has been made with intentions that are "honorable and pure." [Scroll down to the document.] Link to document
List of Dona Ana Maria de Arocha's confiscated property, November 1, 1818. The Leal-Arocha family, a representative joining of two prominent Canary Island families, held a position of wealth and power within the Villa de San Fernando de Bexar. After JoaquÌn Leal and his two sons were killed attempting to flee the troops of General Arredondo, the family's property was confiscated, leaving Joaquin's wife, Ana, in total destitution. Link to document
Adams-de Onis Treaty, February 22, 1819. This treaty, while not mentioning Texas by name, established the boundary between Spanish Texas and the United States of America. Link to document
James Long to the army of Texas, June 22, 1819. Writing from Camp Freeman at Nacogdoches, the army's commander in chief pledges to fulfill his duties "to the utmost of his power" and expects his comrades in arms to cooperate fully with him in the struggle to make Texas independent of Spain. Details. Link to document
Supreme Council of the Province of Texas. Declaration of independence of Texas from Spain. Issued from Nacogdoches, October 18, 1819, by the council's president, James Long. Long was the leader of a filibustering expedition from Natchez, Mississippi, whose purpose was to conquer Texas from Spain. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "October 18, 1819."] Link to access page
James Monroe. State of the Union Message, December 7, 1819. Denies Spanish government's charge that the U.S. government "had tolerated or protected an expedition from the United States against the Province of Texas." Link to document
Juan Antonio Padilla, "Report on the Barbarous Indians of the Province of Texas," December 27, 1819. Author was a Spanish colonial official at the time of this report, upon which Jean Louis Berlandier later based his ethnographic studies of the Native Americans of Texas. Link to document
Warrant for the arrest of James Long and William W. Walker, January 19, 1820, as filibusters. Issued by an unnamed federal official from Natchez, Mississippi. [To access this document, click on "Link to access page," then on "January 19, 1820."] Link to access page
Juan Antonio Padilla, "Instructions which the Constitutional Ayuntamiento of the City of San Fernando de Bexar draws up in order that the provincial deputy may be able to make such representations, take such steps, and present such petitions as may be conducive to the happiness, development, and prosperity of the inhabitants," November 15, 1820. The author, a Spanish colonial official, makes this report to Ambrosia Aldarosa, another Spanish colonial official. Contains a general description of Texas. Has many recommendations having to do with defense against the Indians. Link to document
Antonio Martinez. Examination of Moses Austin, December 23, 1820. The governor of Spanish Texas questions Austin at San Antonio mainly about why he has entered the province. Link to document
Moses Austin. Application for a colonization grant in Spanish Texas, December 26, 1820. [In Spanish.] Link to document
Moses Austin to Stephen F. Austin, January 22, 1821. Receipt for a slave named Richmond. Link to document
Antonio Martinez to Moses Austin, February 8, 1821. Includes the text of a letter from the "commandant general and superior political chief of the eastern interior provinces," confirming Austin's grant. Martinez, governor of Spanish Texas, states some stipulations of his own about the proposed colonists. Link to document
Plan of Iguala, February 24, 1821. Lays out the plan of the revolutionaries to establish an independent nation of Mexico. Link to document
Stephen F. Austin. Journal of his first trip to Texas, June 18-September 21, 1821. Link to document
Antonio Martinez to Stephen F. Austin, August 14, 1821. The governor of Spanish Texas confirms Stephen F. Austin's authority to carry out the contract his late father had made to settle colonists in Texas. Link to document
Antonio Martinez to Stephen F. Austin, August 19, 1821. The governor of Spanish Texas clarifies a point about terms of the settlement of colonists that had evidently been raised in a communication from Austin to Martinez. [Scroll down to document.] Link to document
Antonio Martinez to Stephen F. Austin, August 24, 1821. The governor of Spanish Texas states how Austin's colonists are to be governed temporarily. [Scroll down to document.] Link to document
Treaty of Cordova, August 24, 1821. Treaty concluded between Don Juan O'Donnoju, Lieutenant-General of the Armies of Spain, and Don Augustin de Iturbide, First Chief of the Imperial Mexican Army. Recognizes the independence of Mexico from Spain. Link to document
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